पल्पसा क्याफे
पुस्तक समिक्षा
नेपाली दैनिक पत्रिका कान्तिपुर’का सम्पादक नारायण वाग्लेद्वारा लिखित पल्पसा क्याफे’ एउटा आधुनिक उपन्यास हो । यसमा लेखकले निकै सरल र सहज ढङ्गमा पत्रपत्रिका भाषाको प्रयोग गरेको छ ।
यस उपन्यासमा नेपाली आम जनता भन्दा अलि उच्च स्तरको व्यक्तिलाई मुख्य पात्रका रुपमा प्रस्क्तत गरेको छ जसमा सामाजिक तथा भौतिक जीवनको पनि उत्तिकै महत्व रहेको छ । बाथरुम जाँदा पनि आधुनिक कम्प्यूटर ल्यापटपको प्रयोग गर्नु च्याट इमेल रेस्टूराँ जाने र त्यहाँ बब् मार्लीको सङ्गीत सुन्ने विदेश जाने प्रवृति बोल्दा बोल्दै वीचमा अङ्रेजी भाषाको प्रयोग गर्ने आदिले हाम्रो देशमा आधुनिकरण भित्रिसकेका छन् भन्ने बारेमा स्पष्ट रुपमा बताउँछ ।
बिगत दश वर्षे जनआन्दोलनमा बलि भएका सहिदहरु र देशले भोग्नु परेका पिडाहरु प्ानि निकै राम्ररी प्रस्तुत गरेका छन् यस उपन्यासमा । नेपाली जनता मुख्यतया गाउँवासी नेपालीलाई कसरी असर परेको थियो र कति डरलाग्दो स्थिति थियो भन्ने कुरा जीवन्त रुपमा प्रकट गरेको छ । सहरमा बस्ने मानिसहरुले त समाचारबाट मात्र सुनेका थियो तर यो पढेपछि ती घटेका दुःखदायी घटनाहरु आफैले प्रत्यक्ष रुपमा भोगेको जस्तै महसुस हुन्छ । कसरी मानिसहरु भेला भइ जङ्गल पसे र कसरी युद्ध सुरु भयो भन्ने बारेमा चर्चा गरिएको छ ।
यस उपन्यासमा मुख्य पात्रका रुपमा दृश्य पल्पसा छिरिङ फूलन सिद्धार्थ आदि र अन्य सहयोगी पात्रका रुपमा रहेका छन् । हरेक पात्रको भूमिका फरक फरक रहेको छ र सबैका आ-आफ्ना विशेष्ता रहेका छन् ।
दृश्य एक चित्रकार हो । उ देश विदेश घुमी चित्र कोर्ने गर्दछ । मानिसहरु भन्छन् चित्रकारहरुको स्वभाव आम मानिसभन्दा अलि भिन्दै हुन्छ । यस उपन्यासमा पनि दृश्यको चरित्र अलि भिन्दै छ । उसलाई शान्त वातावरण मनपर्छ र एकान्तमा बस्न रुचाउँछ । अरु कसैसगँ उसको त्यती मेलमिलाप छैन । उसले आफ्नो चित्रहरु सङ्कलन गरी आफ्ना कृतिहरु प्रकाशित गरेका छन् । यीनै कृतिले गर्दा दृश्य र पल्पसाको भेट भारतीय शहर गोवामा हुन्छ । पल्पसा दृश्यका ती कृतिहरुबाट निकै प्रभावित हुन्छे र त्यसै कारणले तिनीहरुको मित्रता बढ्छ ।
पल्पसा एउटी तरुनी युवती हुन् जो भख्खरै विदशबाट नेपालमा बस्ने भनेर फरकेको हुन्छ । विदेशमा हुर्कीएकोले उनी नेपाली बोल्दा वीचमा अङ्रेजी भाषाको प्रयोग गर्छे चाचल स्वभावकी छ र जे कुरा पनि खुलस्त रुपमा भन्छिन् । उनलाई विदेश फर्कने रहर छैन । दृश्यलाई भेटेपछि नेपालमा बस्ने इच्छा अझै बढ्छ । उनलाई आफ्नो हजूरआमासगँ बसी यहीँ काम गर्ने इच्छा छ । पल्पसासगँको मित्रता बढेपछि दृश्य हजूरआमासगँ पनि नजिक हन्छ र हजूरआमालाई पनि दृश्य आफ्नो छोरा जस्तै लाग्छ । त्यसैगरी अरु पात्र छिरिङ दृश्यको मिल्ने मित्र हो । फूलन दृश्यको सेक्रेटरी हो । अन्तिममा दृश्यलाई पल्पसाको नाममा एउटा क्याफे खोल्ने इच्छा हुन्छ जसमा उ पल्पसा सिरिज भनि आफ्नो पल्पसाका बारेमा चित्रहरु प्रस्तूत गर्न चाहन्छ ।
काठमाडौँमा एक दिन बडो नराम्रो घटना हुन्छ । ह्ाम्रो पुजनीय राजा बिरेन्द्र तथा राजदरबार हत्याकाण्डको असहिय घटना घट्छ र देशलाई अशान्तिको कालो बादलले ढाक्छ । देशमा प्रलय आउँछ । बन्द हडताल कर्पु्यू बम बिस्फोटन नैराश्यता दुःख पिडा आदिको आगमन हुन्छ । विस्तारै जङ्गल पस्न गाउँ-गाउँबाट मानिसहरु पार्न शुरु हुन्छ । यसरी नै हाम्रो देशमा सङ्कटकालले पाइला टेक्छ र यु¢ तथा आन्दोलन हुन्छ । यसै गरी बिभिन्न अपि्रय घटनाका साथ कथा अगाडि बढ्छ ।
प्रेमको मिठास संसगैँ यु¢को भयलाई साथसाथै लगेको छ । आफ्नो गाउँघरप्रतिको प्रेम देशप्रतिको प्रेम लेखकप्रतिको प्रेम कलाप्रतिको प्रेम प्रेम-प्रेमिकावीचको प्रेम आदिले प्रेमको परिभाषा दिएको छ । त्यसैगरी पुस्तान्तरको प्रतिध्वनि पनि प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । लोकतन्त्रको गुाजन पनि पाइन्छ यसमा । आप्रवासी चेतनाको पनि वर्णन छ । भूमण्डलीकरणले गर्दा यूवा पिडीमा प्रभाव परीसकेको भन्दै देखाउँदै नयु संस्कृतिले घेर्दै गएको पनि प्रस्तुत गरेको छ ।
वाग्लेले आफ्नो कथाले सबैको मन छुन सफल भएको छ । कथालाई निकै रोचक ढङ्गले अगाडि बढाएको छ । यस उपन्यासले हरेक नेपालीको मर्मलाई शब्दमा उतार्ने कोशिश गरेको छ र सफल पनि भएको छ । तसर्थ मदन पुरसकार प्राप्त गर्ने यो उपन्यास नारायण वाग्लेको एउटा उत्कृष्ट रचना हो भने फरक नपर्ला ।
Tuesday, December 30, 2008
हिटलर र यहुदी पढेपछिको मेरो अनूभव
अस्तित्ववादी उपन्यासकार विश्वेशवरप्रसाद कोइरालाद्वारा लिखित हिटलर र यहुदीले मेरो मन छोएको छ । यसमा हिटलरले यहुदीहरुसँग गरेका दुरव्यवहारलाई निकै मार्मिक ढङ्गले प्रस्तुत गरिएका छन् । ुमु पात्र लक्ष्मी नारायणन रेवा डेवीड थियोडोरा जस्ता पात्रहरुले आआफ्ना किसिमले आफ्नो विचार प्रस्फुटन गरेका छन् र सबैको प्रस्तुती उत्कृष्ट बनेका छन् । यो उपन्यास पढेपछि ममा हिटलरप्रति अझ घृणा जागृत भयो । एउटा मानिसले अर्को मानिसलाई जिउँदो जलाउँदा उसको मनमा पिडा भएन यु¢बाट साठीलाख यहुदीहरुको निर्ममतापूर्वक हत्या गरेर सिवाय तिरस्कार र निन्दाबाहेक के पायो उसले मानवसंहार गरेर के पायो उसले यस्तै किसिमका अनेक प्रश्नहरुको हुरी चलेको छ मेरो मनमा ।
प्रस्तुत उपन्यासमा ुमु पात्र स्वयं लेखक नै हन् । विश्वेशवरप्रसाद कोइराला वास्तविक जीवनमा जेल परेको कुरा त सबैलाई थाहै छ । जेलमा नै उहुलाई क्यान्सर जस्ता भयानक रोगले छोएको थियो र यसैको उपचारका लागि उनी यूरोप तथा अमेरिकासम्म पुगेका थिए । कोइराला आफ्नो जीवनकालमा इजरायल पनि पुगेका थिए भन्ने यिनको जीवन अध्ययन गर्दा थाहा हुन्छ । यी सबै कुराले ुमु पात्र स्वयं लेखक विश्वेशवरप्रसाद कोइराला नै हॊ र प्रस्तुत उपन्यास उनको आफ्नौ यात्रावृत्तान्त हॊ भन्न सकिन्छ ।
आत्मपरक शैलीमा लेखिएका यस उपन्यासमा लेखकले जीवनलाई अस्तित्ववादी दृष्टीले नियालेका छन् । जीवन एकदम जटिल छ । मानिसले बाँच्न ठूलो सङ्घर्ष गरिरहेको हन्छ । जस्तो सुकै कठिनाई भएपनि उसले आफ्नो जीवन एक्लै बिताउनु पर्ने हुन्छ । मान्छेहरु बाँच्न विवश छन् । जतिसुकै समस्याहरु भएपनि मान्छेहरु आफ्ना पिडालाई एक्लाएक्लै भोगेर बाँच्न बाध्य हुनाले कसैको जीव्ान पनि दुःख्ारहित छैन । त्यसैले कोही मानिस पनि एक्लो छैन ।
जीवन एउटा यात्रा हो । यसमा धेरै उकालो तथा ओरालोहरु आउँछन् । त्यसैले जीवन बाँच्नु भनेको पनि एउटा कला हो । जीवनमा आउने समस्याहरु सहन अथवा झेल्नका लागि बुि¢ लगाउन जान्नुपर्छ र कुनैपनि क्षणमा आउने सुखलाई केही नसोची भोग गरिहाल्नुपर्छ । हरेक मानिसको जीवनमा मृत्यु निश्चय छ तर त्यो कुन बेला आँउछ कसैलाई थाहा छ । बाँच्दाबाँच्दै एउटा क्षणमा अचानक मृत्यु हुन सक्छ । प्रत्येकको जीवनले यस्तो भयानक सत्य बोकिरहेको हुन्छ तरपनि मर्नुअगाडिको क्ष्।ण सामान्य नै लाग्छ । यी सत्यका कराहरु हामीले अनुभवबाट सिकेका हौं ।
प्रस्तुत उपन्यासमा हिटलरले यहुदीहरुसँग गरेका दुव्र्यवहार हामीले पढेर महसुस गर्न खोज्यौं तर जसले यी सत्य भोगेका र देखेका छन् तिनीहरुको भाव र पीडा त व्यक्त पनि गर्न सकिदैन । हामीलाई सुन्दा नै जीउ शिरिङ्ग हुन्छ भने भोग गरेकालाई कस्तो सास्ती भयो होला हिटलरले यस्तो कुकर्म गर्दा उसको हृदयमा अलिकति पनि छिया परेन होला
यु¢बाट कसैलाई पनि खुशी प्राप्त हंुदैन । यसले प्रलय बाहेक केही ल्याउदैन । यु¢ले मलाई हाम्रो आफ्नौ देशको सम्झना गराउँछ । हाम्रो देशमा पनि बिगत दश वषेँ यु¢बाट धेरै सहिद भए घरविहिन भए टुहुरो भए । यसले कसैको पनि हीत गरेन । यसले केवल गरिबी र अश्ाान्तिमात्र बढाँउछ । लडाइ समस्याको समाधान होइन भन्ने कुरालाई पनि यस उपन्यासमा दर्शाएको छ ।
प्रस्तुत उपन्यासमा ुमु पात्र स्वयं लेखक नै हन् । विश्वेशवरप्रसाद कोइराला वास्तविक जीवनमा जेल परेको कुरा त सबैलाई थाहै छ । जेलमा नै उहुलाई क्यान्सर जस्ता भयानक रोगले छोएको थियो र यसैको उपचारका लागि उनी यूरोप तथा अमेरिकासम्म पुगेका थिए । कोइराला आफ्नो जीवनकालमा इजरायल पनि पुगेका थिए भन्ने यिनको जीवन अध्ययन गर्दा थाहा हुन्छ । यी सबै कुराले ुमु पात्र स्वयं लेखक विश्वेशवरप्रसाद कोइराला नै हॊ र प्रस्तुत उपन्यास उनको आफ्नौ यात्रावृत्तान्त हॊ भन्न सकिन्छ ।
आत्मपरक शैलीमा लेखिएका यस उपन्यासमा लेखकले जीवनलाई अस्तित्ववादी दृष्टीले नियालेका छन् । जीवन एकदम जटिल छ । मानिसले बाँच्न ठूलो सङ्घर्ष गरिरहेको हन्छ । जस्तो सुकै कठिनाई भएपनि उसले आफ्नो जीवन एक्लै बिताउनु पर्ने हुन्छ । मान्छेहरु बाँच्न विवश छन् । जतिसुकै समस्याहरु भएपनि मान्छेहरु आफ्ना पिडालाई एक्लाएक्लै भोगेर बाँच्न बाध्य हुनाले कसैको जीव्ान पनि दुःख्ारहित छैन । त्यसैले कोही मानिस पनि एक्लो छैन ।
जीवन एउटा यात्रा हो । यसमा धेरै उकालो तथा ओरालोहरु आउँछन् । त्यसैले जीवन बाँच्नु भनेको पनि एउटा कला हो । जीवनमा आउने समस्याहरु सहन अथवा झेल्नका लागि बुि¢ लगाउन जान्नुपर्छ र कुनैपनि क्षणमा आउने सुखलाई केही नसोची भोग गरिहाल्नुपर्छ । हरेक मानिसको जीवनमा मृत्यु निश्चय छ तर त्यो कुन बेला आँउछ कसैलाई थाहा छ । बाँच्दाबाँच्दै एउटा क्षणमा अचानक मृत्यु हुन सक्छ । प्रत्येकको जीवनले यस्तो भयानक सत्य बोकिरहेको हुन्छ तरपनि मर्नुअगाडिको क्ष्।ण सामान्य नै लाग्छ । यी सत्यका कराहरु हामीले अनुभवबाट सिकेका हौं ।
प्रस्तुत उपन्यासमा हिटलरले यहुदीहरुसँग गरेका दुव्र्यवहार हामीले पढेर महसुस गर्न खोज्यौं तर जसले यी सत्य भोगेका र देखेका छन् तिनीहरुको भाव र पीडा त व्यक्त पनि गर्न सकिदैन । हामीलाई सुन्दा नै जीउ शिरिङ्ग हुन्छ भने भोग गरेकालाई कस्तो सास्ती भयो होला हिटलरले यस्तो कुकर्म गर्दा उसको हृदयमा अलिकति पनि छिया परेन होला
यु¢बाट कसैलाई पनि खुशी प्राप्त हंुदैन । यसले प्रलय बाहेक केही ल्याउदैन । यु¢ले मलाई हाम्रो आफ्नौ देशको सम्झना गराउँछ । हाम्रो देशमा पनि बिगत दश वषेँ यु¢बाट धेरै सहिद भए घरविहिन भए टुहुरो भए । यसले कसैको पनि हीत गरेन । यसले केवल गरिबी र अश्ाान्तिमात्र बढाँउछ । लडाइ समस्याको समाधान होइन भन्ने कुरालाई पनि यस उपन्यासमा दर्शाएको छ ।
Radio : the most influential media outlet in Nepal
The terminology ‘mass media’ is composed of two words ‘mass’ and ‘media’. It is the shorter form of ‘mass communication media’. Literally, ‘mass’ denotes the large number of people and ‘media’ are any physical tools used to communicate. Thus, ‘mass media’ means communication vehicles, such as newspaper, radio, TV, film, online, etc. which reach mass populations. These mass medium strengthen message to reach large audience. These are the means to carry messages to mass audiences.
In this age of science and technology, importance of mass media cannot be overestimated. It is felt difficult to spend a single day without the use of mass media. Deferent aspects of our social, political, economics, and personal are being influenced by mass media. Mass media work as an instrument for forming public opinion and expanding our national economy through advertising and publicity. They create as well as reflect people’s tastes, needs and requirements which lead to industrial and commercial enterprises.
In case of Nepal, Radio has proved to be the most influential mass media.Influence of radio on social relations is extremely significant. No aspect of our behavior, relationships and habits escapes the impact of radio.
Current scenario of Media in Nepal
The evolution of mass media in Nepal began with the introduction of the hand press in 1851 A.D. The printing of the first monthly magazine “Sudha Sagar” in 1891 actually signifies the beginning of Nepali journalism. Two years later in 1901, the first weekly newspaper was published which was converted into a daily newspaper in 1960. The first state owned “Gorkhapatra Corporation” came into being in 1964 and first English daily “The Rising Nepal” was brought out in 1965. With it, electronic broadcast as well was being established. The first radio station, Radio Nepal was established in 1951.
The information and communication revolution in Nepal seems to be centralized in the cities, mostly in Kathmandu valley. Most of the mass media, except few locally operating media, are focused to urban population. There is still lack of skilled manpower in this field.
Modern mass media have contributed reasonably to general awareness and development programs in various parts of the world. But, in case of Nepal, much still needs to be achieved in this regard. Most of our population lives in rural areas, yet the modern mass media are largely confined to the cities. Relying only in the modern and new media could create a communication gap between the relatively few modernized and educated urban dwellers and the mass of people who still live in rural areas. Such type of communication gap exists in Nepal.
Communication in less developed countries is constrained by economics, educational demographic factors. So is the case of Nepal too, low level of literacy means that broadcast media are of greater importance for reaching the masses than is the printed word.
The transportation system of Nepal has not been well developed. Similarly, the vast majority of Nepali people are still deprived of electricity. The condition of such infrastructural development obviously affects the development of mass media. Perhaps the political instability and violent conflict are the major problems. The situation of journalists and mass media industry as well is being very difficult and risky.
Newspaper
Although 85 percent of Nepalese live in rural areas, most mainstream Nepalese media published in the Kathmandu Valley ignores issues specific to those areas. Fifty-five percent of Nepal's 24 million population are illiterate, and poor roads and infrastructure limit print media distribution.
According to the latest report issued by the Press Council of Nepal, there are 205 regular news publications in circulation-35 dailies, 147 weeklies, 10 fortnightlies and 13 monthlies.
Because of poor road and transportation network, national newspapers reach only one-third of the district headquarters within 24 hours after publication. Nearly one-third of the other district headquarters has to make do with several days old papers.
Television
Beginning in December 1985, the state-owned Nepal Television Corporation began airing programs several hours daily. By the twenty-first century, there were 79,000 televisions in Nepal. Viewers often use satellite dishes to receive international broadcasts from CNN and the BBC in addition to Indian and foreign programs. Television is limited because only 15 percent of homes have electricity. Much broadcast media consists of entertainment rather than news.
Several private sector agencies have applied for licenses to operate their own television services. Cable networks offering various foreign channels are thriving-spread as they are in most urban parts. But they are prevented from extensive reach since less than 14 per cent of the population has access to electricity supply. Additionally, according to the highly underestimated official figure, more than 40 per cent of the population lives below poverty line. Television viewers in Nepal spend more time watching foreign channels than local channels simply because local channel basically means Nepal Television.
Nepal has witnessed rapid development in the field of television after the restoration of democracy. Now we have number of Nepali television channels and some others are likely to come. Thus increase in quantity is there. But they all are bring criticized for dominance of entertaining program, imitation of foreign channels, lack of educational and public awareness programs and lack of professionalism. Besides, television set is out of reach for the people of rural areas and most of the people in Nepal live in rural areas.
Internet
During the last decade of the 20th century, the advent of the World Wide Web marked the first era in which any individual could have a means of exposure on the scale of mass media.
Internet access is Nepal is limited by lack of equipment and related expenses. Journalists do not regularly use the Internet to research. Some sites post articles from the Rising Nepal and The Kathmandu Post online. However, in context of Nepal, internet is not the suitable mass medium. There is literacy barrier and internet is comparatively expensive than other media.
Radio
Radio is the most powerful media at present. It can transport its voice to millions of persons each day to far away places. Radio sets can be fit in private cars, taxis, buses, lorries. Radio transmission can cover a vast area with natural barriers and one can listen to radio programmes very well while he is engage in any physical even in intellectual work. The infrastructure required for radio transmission is also not so sophisticated and expensive like that for TV transmission. There are more radios than television in Nepal. Physically, radios are smaller, portable.
Importance of Radio
Radio broadcasting is the cheapest and quickest means of mass communications in Nepal. In a mountainous country like Nepal, radio broadcasting has proved to be a very effective medium for disseminating information, educating people and entertaining the masses.
In case of Nepal, the large number of people is still unable to use print media. The illiteracy spread over the country is the barrier. There is question of purchasing power because you have to pay for every issue of magazines and newspapers. The ill transportation system discourages the distribution of print media and decreases the peoples’ access. In case of television, the sets are costlier. The lack of electricity also restricts the use of television. Thus radio medium is the only alternative for the people. Its easiness of being used while doing other works is also notable. There are various other reasons that depict radio as the most mass medium for Nepal.
Languages used in FM Radio
Since Nepal is a multilingual country, there are many languages used in FM stations. Some languages used are Newari, Tamang, Maithili, Bhojpuri, Magar, Tharu, Gurung, Limbu, Awadi and Rai languages.
Current Status of radio stations in Nepal (as on April 15, 2008)
• Number of FM radio licenses issued: 272
• Operational FM radio stations: 136
• Operational FM radio transmitters: 161
• Multiple channel FM broadcasters: 4
• Multiple site FM radio broadcasters: 5
• FM broadcasters with satellite uplink: 5
Closed/dissolved radio stations
• Manakamana FM 92.24 Hz (Hetauda) - 500 watts (Private)
• HBC FM 94.0 MHz (Kathmandu) - 1000 watts (Private)
According to the research, the reasons for tuning or specifying the radio station as the favorite one were found to be largely based on the following reasons as mentioned by the respondents:
• Selection of songs/music
• Programs with superior content
• Style and language of program presentation
• The technical quality of the sound
• Friendly approach
• Content relevant to the community
Facts about Radio
• The Broadcast Audience Survey (BAS 2006-2007) shows that 65% of the country is covered by one of more of the FM radio signals for comfortable tuning to the radio frequencies. This percentage increases to 75% when calculated for the lowest signal level that can be received by a highly sensitive radio set.
• Housewives and shop owners are the most radio listening group in the country (32% each) while students (13%) are found to be the next most listening group in the country.
• Radio is available and accessible in 82% of Nepalese household while 59% of household has television, telephone 30%, newspaper 13%, magazines 5% and internet 1%.
• 76% of radio sets owned have both AM and FM tuners while around 7% of radio sets are only tunable to AM bands such as Medium Wave and Short wave.
• 56% of radio sets owned in the country are Chinese brands, while 37% of radio sets are Indian and 2.7% Japanese. 1.8 percent of radio sets are from rest of the countries.
• Radio is the most preferred source of information and entertainment with 64%, followed by television - 35%, newspapers 0.8% and internet 0.1%.
• FM radio is the most preferred (84.7%) frequency band among the radio bands, followed by Medium Wave (MW – 44.6%) and Short Wave (SW – 16.5%).
• The peak radio listening time is 6:00am – 8:00am in the morning and 6:00pm -10:00pm in the evening.
Conclusion
Media enrich our lives and brings us all information together, provide us with satisfying entertainment that relieves stress, and make us more aware of important public issues and problems. Technological advancement has made communication easier and the media has made the world smaller.
In Nepal, FM radios has proved to be effective among all manner of people, be they children, youths or elderly in terms of age, the poor or middle. Every people from any classes, age or caste have started thinking radio as one of the most effective mass media. It is the most suitable mass medium considering the geographical state as well. Hence in context of Nepal, radio is the most influential media outlet.
Reference
1. Adikari, Nirmala Mani. Advertising, Public Relatios and Media Issues, Prashanti Pustak Bhandari, Kathmandu, Nepal
2. Adikari, Nirmala Mani, 2008. Communication, Media and Journalism and Integrated Study, Prashanti Pustak Bhandari.
3. Guragain,Gopal Toya Ghimire.2005.Role aSthiti ra Pravriti, Kathmandu, M.S. Nepal.
4. Kharel, P., 2001. Media Issues in Nepal, Nepal Association of Media Education(NAME).
5. Sapkota, Premdarshan and Pradhan Paribesh et al. FM Radios as Source for News, Social Science Baha
6. Sinclair, John and Turner, Graeme. Contemporary World Television, British Film Institute.
7. Singh, U.K., Sudarshan, K.A. Discovery publishing House, New Delhi.
8. The Right to tell: The Role of Mass Media in Economic Development, WBIv Development Studies, 2002, Washington D.C.
Websites
www.asiawaves.net
www.fesnepal.org
www.gfa.org
www.mondotimes.com
www.nepaldemocracy.org
www.nepalradio.org
www.radionepal.org
www.radiostationworld.org
www.pressreference.com
www.sarai.net
www.socyberty.com
www.stateofthenewsmedia.org
www.wikipedia.org
In this age of science and technology, importance of mass media cannot be overestimated. It is felt difficult to spend a single day without the use of mass media. Deferent aspects of our social, political, economics, and personal are being influenced by mass media. Mass media work as an instrument for forming public opinion and expanding our national economy through advertising and publicity. They create as well as reflect people’s tastes, needs and requirements which lead to industrial and commercial enterprises.
In case of Nepal, Radio has proved to be the most influential mass media.Influence of radio on social relations is extremely significant. No aspect of our behavior, relationships and habits escapes the impact of radio.
Current scenario of Media in Nepal
The evolution of mass media in Nepal began with the introduction of the hand press in 1851 A.D. The printing of the first monthly magazine “Sudha Sagar” in 1891 actually signifies the beginning of Nepali journalism. Two years later in 1901, the first weekly newspaper was published which was converted into a daily newspaper in 1960. The first state owned “Gorkhapatra Corporation” came into being in 1964 and first English daily “The Rising Nepal” was brought out in 1965. With it, electronic broadcast as well was being established. The first radio station, Radio Nepal was established in 1951.
The information and communication revolution in Nepal seems to be centralized in the cities, mostly in Kathmandu valley. Most of the mass media, except few locally operating media, are focused to urban population. There is still lack of skilled manpower in this field.
Modern mass media have contributed reasonably to general awareness and development programs in various parts of the world. But, in case of Nepal, much still needs to be achieved in this regard. Most of our population lives in rural areas, yet the modern mass media are largely confined to the cities. Relying only in the modern and new media could create a communication gap between the relatively few modernized and educated urban dwellers and the mass of people who still live in rural areas. Such type of communication gap exists in Nepal.
Communication in less developed countries is constrained by economics, educational demographic factors. So is the case of Nepal too, low level of literacy means that broadcast media are of greater importance for reaching the masses than is the printed word.
The transportation system of Nepal has not been well developed. Similarly, the vast majority of Nepali people are still deprived of electricity. The condition of such infrastructural development obviously affects the development of mass media. Perhaps the political instability and violent conflict are the major problems. The situation of journalists and mass media industry as well is being very difficult and risky.
Newspaper
Although 85 percent of Nepalese live in rural areas, most mainstream Nepalese media published in the Kathmandu Valley ignores issues specific to those areas. Fifty-five percent of Nepal's 24 million population are illiterate, and poor roads and infrastructure limit print media distribution.
According to the latest report issued by the Press Council of Nepal, there are 205 regular news publications in circulation-35 dailies, 147 weeklies, 10 fortnightlies and 13 monthlies.
Because of poor road and transportation network, national newspapers reach only one-third of the district headquarters within 24 hours after publication. Nearly one-third of the other district headquarters has to make do with several days old papers.
Television
Beginning in December 1985, the state-owned Nepal Television Corporation began airing programs several hours daily. By the twenty-first century, there were 79,000 televisions in Nepal. Viewers often use satellite dishes to receive international broadcasts from CNN and the BBC in addition to Indian and foreign programs. Television is limited because only 15 percent of homes have electricity. Much broadcast media consists of entertainment rather than news.
Several private sector agencies have applied for licenses to operate their own television services. Cable networks offering various foreign channels are thriving-spread as they are in most urban parts. But they are prevented from extensive reach since less than 14 per cent of the population has access to electricity supply. Additionally, according to the highly underestimated official figure, more than 40 per cent of the population lives below poverty line. Television viewers in Nepal spend more time watching foreign channels than local channels simply because local channel basically means Nepal Television.
Nepal has witnessed rapid development in the field of television after the restoration of democracy. Now we have number of Nepali television channels and some others are likely to come. Thus increase in quantity is there. But they all are bring criticized for dominance of entertaining program, imitation of foreign channels, lack of educational and public awareness programs and lack of professionalism. Besides, television set is out of reach for the people of rural areas and most of the people in Nepal live in rural areas.
Internet
During the last decade of the 20th century, the advent of the World Wide Web marked the first era in which any individual could have a means of exposure on the scale of mass media.
Internet access is Nepal is limited by lack of equipment and related expenses. Journalists do not regularly use the Internet to research. Some sites post articles from the Rising Nepal and The Kathmandu Post online. However, in context of Nepal, internet is not the suitable mass medium. There is literacy barrier and internet is comparatively expensive than other media.
Radio
Radio is the most powerful media at present. It can transport its voice to millions of persons each day to far away places. Radio sets can be fit in private cars, taxis, buses, lorries. Radio transmission can cover a vast area with natural barriers and one can listen to radio programmes very well while he is engage in any physical even in intellectual work. The infrastructure required for radio transmission is also not so sophisticated and expensive like that for TV transmission. There are more radios than television in Nepal. Physically, radios are smaller, portable.
Importance of Radio
Radio broadcasting is the cheapest and quickest means of mass communications in Nepal. In a mountainous country like Nepal, radio broadcasting has proved to be a very effective medium for disseminating information, educating people and entertaining the masses.
In case of Nepal, the large number of people is still unable to use print media. The illiteracy spread over the country is the barrier. There is question of purchasing power because you have to pay for every issue of magazines and newspapers. The ill transportation system discourages the distribution of print media and decreases the peoples’ access. In case of television, the sets are costlier. The lack of electricity also restricts the use of television. Thus radio medium is the only alternative for the people. Its easiness of being used while doing other works is also notable. There are various other reasons that depict radio as the most mass medium for Nepal.
Languages used in FM Radio
Since Nepal is a multilingual country, there are many languages used in FM stations. Some languages used are Newari, Tamang, Maithili, Bhojpuri, Magar, Tharu, Gurung, Limbu, Awadi and Rai languages.
Current Status of radio stations in Nepal (as on April 15, 2008)
• Number of FM radio licenses issued: 272
• Operational FM radio stations: 136
• Operational FM radio transmitters: 161
• Multiple channel FM broadcasters: 4
• Multiple site FM radio broadcasters: 5
• FM broadcasters with satellite uplink: 5
Closed/dissolved radio stations
• Manakamana FM 92.24 Hz (Hetauda) - 500 watts (Private)
• HBC FM 94.0 MHz (Kathmandu) - 1000 watts (Private)
According to the research, the reasons for tuning or specifying the radio station as the favorite one were found to be largely based on the following reasons as mentioned by the respondents:
• Selection of songs/music
• Programs with superior content
• Style and language of program presentation
• The technical quality of the sound
• Friendly approach
• Content relevant to the community
Facts about Radio
• The Broadcast Audience Survey (BAS 2006-2007) shows that 65% of the country is covered by one of more of the FM radio signals for comfortable tuning to the radio frequencies. This percentage increases to 75% when calculated for the lowest signal level that can be received by a highly sensitive radio set.
• Housewives and shop owners are the most radio listening group in the country (32% each) while students (13%) are found to be the next most listening group in the country.
• Radio is available and accessible in 82% of Nepalese household while 59% of household has television, telephone 30%, newspaper 13%, magazines 5% and internet 1%.
• 76% of radio sets owned have both AM and FM tuners while around 7% of radio sets are only tunable to AM bands such as Medium Wave and Short wave.
• 56% of radio sets owned in the country are Chinese brands, while 37% of radio sets are Indian and 2.7% Japanese. 1.8 percent of radio sets are from rest of the countries.
• Radio is the most preferred source of information and entertainment with 64%, followed by television - 35%, newspapers 0.8% and internet 0.1%.
• FM radio is the most preferred (84.7%) frequency band among the radio bands, followed by Medium Wave (MW – 44.6%) and Short Wave (SW – 16.5%).
• The peak radio listening time is 6:00am – 8:00am in the morning and 6:00pm -10:00pm in the evening.
Conclusion
Media enrich our lives and brings us all information together, provide us with satisfying entertainment that relieves stress, and make us more aware of important public issues and problems. Technological advancement has made communication easier and the media has made the world smaller.
In Nepal, FM radios has proved to be effective among all manner of people, be they children, youths or elderly in terms of age, the poor or middle. Every people from any classes, age or caste have started thinking radio as one of the most effective mass media. It is the most suitable mass medium considering the geographical state as well. Hence in context of Nepal, radio is the most influential media outlet.
Reference
1. Adikari, Nirmala Mani. Advertising, Public Relatios and Media Issues, Prashanti Pustak Bhandari, Kathmandu, Nepal
2. Adikari, Nirmala Mani, 2008. Communication, Media and Journalism and Integrated Study, Prashanti Pustak Bhandari.
3. Guragain,Gopal Toya Ghimire.2005.Role aSthiti ra Pravriti, Kathmandu, M.S. Nepal.
4. Kharel, P., 2001. Media Issues in Nepal, Nepal Association of Media Education(NAME).
5. Sapkota, Premdarshan and Pradhan Paribesh et al. FM Radios as Source for News, Social Science Baha
6. Sinclair, John and Turner, Graeme. Contemporary World Television, British Film Institute.
7. Singh, U.K., Sudarshan, K.A. Discovery publishing House, New Delhi.
8. The Right to tell: The Role of Mass Media in Economic Development, WBIv Development Studies, 2002, Washington D.C.
Websites
www.asiawaves.net
www.fesnepal.org
www.gfa.org
www.mondotimes.com
www.nepaldemocracy.org
www.nepalradio.org
www.radionepal.org
www.radiostationworld.org
www.pressreference.com
www.sarai.net
www.socyberty.com
www.stateofthenewsmedia.org
www.wikipedia.org
Monday, December 29, 2008
Thursday, December 25, 2008
The Kite Runner
Khaled Hosseini’s debut novel, ‘The Kite Runner’, is an extremely wonderful piece that tells about the beauty of Afghanistan and the change after war. The writer’s way of expressing and describing the feelings of characters and background is excellent. When I read the book, I dealt with all of my emotions. It had been able to create vivid images of characters and surroundings. This book has portrayed the beautiful part of Afghanistan which we mostly don’t think of and has shown the changes brought by terror.
The Kite Runner has the two main characters; Amir, privileged Pastun boy and Hassan, a low class Hazaara boy who lived in Kabul. They both were very fond of flying kite. They used to climb trees in driveway of their house and Amir always used to read his story books for Hassan since he was uneducated. Hassan’s bravery and loyalty nature was one of the reasons for Amir’s hatred toward Hassan. Though Hassan, one day, faces the tragic sexual harassment by Assef, Amir doesn’t go ahead to save him which marks the turning point of the story. Amir’s jealousy towards the love for Hassan from his father compels Hassan to leave the house. Then the story follows as Amir also leaves the country because of war. The challenges they both face for being privileged and unprivileged is the most heart saddening part of the story.
The story depicts about the war and its consequences in Afghanistan and the autocratic rule of Taliban. However, Hosseini with his simple language has elucidated the real meaning life and hardship we suffer. The line by Hassan, for you a thousand times, to Amir at the end becomes the line for Sohrab, Hassan’s son, which was bestowed to Hassan for his brotherly friendship. Overall, the story is about loss of lives, friendship, emotions, joy and pride. But the best part of the story is it ends with hope.
Tuesday, December 2, 2008
Mimamsa and globalization
Mimamsa(Sanskrit, investigation) is one of the six orthodox schools (darshanas) of Hindu philosophy.
The Mimamsaka philosophers, following the principles of Jaimini, stress fruitive activity and say that if there is a God, He must be under the laws of fruitive activity. In other words, if one performs his duties very nicely in the material world, God is obliged to give one the desired result. According to these philosophers, there is no need to become a devotee of God. If one strictly follows moral principles, one will be recognized by the Lord, who will give the desired reward. Such philosophers do not accept the Vedic principle of bhakti-yoga. Instead, they give stress to following one's prescribed duty.
The main objective of the Purva ("earlier") Mimamsa school was to establish the authority of the Vedas. Consequently this school's most valuable contribution to Hinduism was its formulation of the rules of Vedic interpretation. Its adherents believed that revelation must be proved by reasoning, that it should not be accepted blindly as dogma. In keeping with this belief, they laid great emphasis on dharma, which they understood as the performance of Vedic rituals. The Mimamsa accepted the logical and philosophical teachings of the other schools, but felt that these paid insufficient attention to right action. They believed that the other schools of thought, which pursued moksha(release) as their ultimate aim, were not completely free from desire and selfishness. In hinduism, we are all illuminated under the light of god. When we have moksha, we believe that we become closer to god. According to the Mimamsa, the very striving for liberation stemmed from a selfish desire to be free. Only by acting in accordance with the prescriptions of the Vedas could one attain salvation (rather than liberation). At a later stage, however, the Mimamsa school changed its views in this regard and began to teach the doctrines of God and mukti (freedom). Its adherents then advocated the release or escape from the soul from its constraints through what was known as jnana (enlightened activity). While Mimamsa does not receive much scholarly attention these days, its influence can be felt in the life of the practising Hindu. All Hindu ritual, ceremony and religious law is influenced by it and it is all because of globalization.
The mimamsa philosophy, believes in fruitive activity, has led people to work hard. The hard working results in development in every sector like technology, communication, economics, etc and with it brings negative effects and it can be explained it terms of globalisation.
The Mimamsaka philosophers, following the principles of Jaimini, stress fruitive activity and say that if there is a God, He must be under the laws of fruitive activity. In other words, if one performs his duties very nicely in the material world, God is obliged to give one the desired result. According to these philosophers, there is no need to become a devotee of God. If one strictly follows moral principles, one will be recognized by the Lord, who will give the desired reward. Such philosophers do not accept the Vedic principle of bhakti-yoga. Instead, they give stress to following one's prescribed duty.
The main objective of the Purva ("earlier") Mimamsa school was to establish the authority of the Vedas. Consequently this school's most valuable contribution to Hinduism was its formulation of the rules of Vedic interpretation. Its adherents believed that revelation must be proved by reasoning, that it should not be accepted blindly as dogma. In keeping with this belief, they laid great emphasis on dharma, which they understood as the performance of Vedic rituals. The Mimamsa accepted the logical and philosophical teachings of the other schools, but felt that these paid insufficient attention to right action. They believed that the other schools of thought, which pursued moksha(release) as their ultimate aim, were not completely free from desire and selfishness. In hinduism, we are all illuminated under the light of god. When we have moksha, we believe that we become closer to god. According to the Mimamsa, the very striving for liberation stemmed from a selfish desire to be free. Only by acting in accordance with the prescriptions of the Vedas could one attain salvation (rather than liberation). At a later stage, however, the Mimamsa school changed its views in this regard and began to teach the doctrines of God and mukti (freedom). Its adherents then advocated the release or escape from the soul from its constraints through what was known as jnana (enlightened activity). While Mimamsa does not receive much scholarly attention these days, its influence can be felt in the life of the practising Hindu. All Hindu ritual, ceremony and religious law is influenced by it and it is all because of globalization.
The mimamsa philosophy, believes in fruitive activity, has led people to work hard. The hard working results in development in every sector like technology, communication, economics, etc and with it brings negative effects and it can be explained it terms of globalisation.
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